Thermal Engineering Branch

Thermal Branch Capabilities

Design Icon

Thermal Systems Design and Development

  • Develop and implement thermal control methods to meet thermal requirements for spacecraft and their instruments.
  • Thermal control techniques include coatings, radiators, heaters, multi-layer insulation blankets, louvers, heat straps, and 2-phase systems.
  • Design and develop active and passive thermal control systems for spacecraft, payloads, and instruments.
  • Provide technical oversight for non-GSFC missions, when proposed and while in development.
  • Develop thermal requirements (including interface requirements) for spacecraft and instruments.
  • Provide preliminary cost and schedule estimates for spacecraft and instruments.
Model Icon

Thermal Modeling and Analysis

  • Use computer programs to provide early verification of designs.
  • Create a geometric math model to compute radiative heat transfer and environmental fluxes.
  • Develop a thermal math model to predict on-orbit temperatures and heat flows.
  • Simulate space environments.
  • Maintain a high level of experience with a number of software tools.
  • See more details on our Thermal Modeling and Analysis Section.
Research Icon

Thermal Technology Development

  • Develop and test new thermal control technologies.
  • Manage research programs, develop and conduct flight experiments.
  • Research in loop heat pipes, variable emittance surfaces, and high-conductivity materials.
  • An industry leader in two-phase heat transfer development and testing.
  • Facilities include numerous thermal vacuum chambers, two-phase thermal test beds, electronics, and test equipment.
  • See more details on our Technology pages.
Hot and Cold Icon

Environmental Testing

  • Design thermal-vacuum test setups.
  • Plan and direct thermal vacuum testing.
  • Design and conduct thermal balance testing with the use of thermal vacuum chambers.
  • Install ground support equipment and sensors.
  • Check the functionality of all thermal hardware.
Hot and Cold Icon

Hardware Integration

  • Oversee design and installation of multi-layer insulation blanketing for flight hardware.
  • Install coatings, survival heaters, thermostats, thermistors, radiators, and thermal gaskets.
Mission Icon

Mission Operations Support

  • Monitor spacecraft temperatures during launch and initial orbit stages.
  • Provide consultation to on-orbit satellite programs as needed.

Thermal Modeling & Analysis

Thermal Engineering Branch personnel are often required to perform mathematical modeling and analysis of spacecraft and spacecraft components. A variety of commercial software tools are available to perform space based thermal analysis for the verification of thermal designs. Nearly all these tools use a similar coupled, two-model approach:

Geometric Model Icon

Geometric Math Model

A Geometric Math Model (GMM) represents geometric surfaces, including size, location, orientation, and optical coatings and is used to compute:

  • Radiation Exchange between surfaces and represent them as heat flow paths between computation points (i.e. nodes).
  • Radiation sources from Celestial Objects onto surfaces and represent them as applied heat loads onto computation points (i.e. nodes).
Radiation Icon

Thermal Math Model

A Thermal Math Model (TMM) combines the GMM output Radiation Conductors (Radks or GRs) and Celestial heat sources with:

  • Additional conductive/convective and/or radiative couplings representing the heat flow paths throughout the design.
  • Applied heat dissipations to represent the thermal design.
  • Thermal capacitance of the design.
  • Logic to simulate the behavior of thermal components (e.g. heaters).
  • Instructions governing the simulation boundary conditions and inputs.

This combined model of sources, sinks, conductors, and capacitances forms an electrical network analogy and is solved for temperatures at a nodal level as a function of time or under steady state conditions.


For Radiation Computations, the most common solution algorithm is the Monte Carlo Ray Trace (MCRT). For Thermal Computations, the system of equations relating nodal temperature, heat, and conductors is often represented in matrix form as [G][T]=[Q], where the solution is either iterative or a matrix inversion approach to yield [G]-1[Q]=[T].

Current Thermal Analysis Tools

Thermal Desktop Software Icon

Thermal Desktop (GMM: RadCAD + TMM: SINDA/FLUINT)

Maintained by Cullimore and Ring Technologies, used by NASA

Space System Thermal Software Icon

Space Systems Thermal [aka TMG] (GMM + TMM)

Maintained by Maya Heat Transfer Technologies in collaboration with Siemens

ESATAN Software Icon

ESATAN-Thermal Modeling Suite (GMM: ESARAD + TMM: ESATAN)

Maintained by ITP Engines, primarily used by ESA

Other Thermal Analysis Tools

Synthesizer Software Icon

Thermal Synthesizer System [aka TSS] (GMM: Radk, HeatRate + TMM: SINDA/FLUINT)

Maintained by SpaceDesign Corporation, used by NASA

System Software Icon

Systema (GMM: Thermica + TMM: Thermisol)

Maintained by Airbus, primarily used by ESA for projects with Airbus support

TRASYS Software Icon

TRASYS (Radiation)

Legacy code developed by NASA; may be used backward compatibility with past mission models

Thermal Branch Management

Veronica Otero Portrait

Please check back to the TEB website soon to see Veronica's favorite quote.

Veronica Otero

Branch Head
(301) 286-2576
Email Veronica
Juan Rodriguez-Ruiz Portrat

Please check back to the TEB website soon to see Juan's favorite quote.

Juan Rodriguez-Ruiz

Associate Branch Head
(301) 286-2707
Email Juan
Deepak Patel Portrait

Please check back to the TEB website soon to see Deepak's favorite quote.

Deepak Patel

Associate Branch Head
(301) 286-1549
Email Deepak
Brian Comber Portrait

Please check back to the TEB website soon to see Brian's favorite quote.

Brian Comber

Associate Branch Head
Email Brian

Thermal Branch Technical Staff

David Steinfeld Portrait

Please check back to the TEB website soon to see David's favorite quote.

David Steinfeld

Chief Thermal Engineer
(301) 286-0565
Email David
Hume Peabody Portrait

Please check back to the TEB website soon to see Hume's favorite quote.

Hume Peabody

Thermal Software Engineer Expert
(301) 286-9141

Email Hume
Sergey Semenov Portrait

Please check back to the TEB website soon to see Sergey's favorite quote.

Sergey Semenov

Two-Phase Expert & Technologist
(301) 286-3130
Email Sergey
Frank Robinson Portrait

“We have found it of paramount importance that in order to progress we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt. Scientific knowledge is a body of statements of varying degrees of certainty — some most unsure, some nearly sure, but none absolutely certain.”
—Richard Feynman

Frank Robinson

T2D2 Facility Manager & Technologist
(301) 286-7295
Email Frank